Difference between revisions of "Purpose of the Mishkan/2/he"
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<point><b>הצורך בבית גשמי</b> – למרות שלקב"ה אין צורך בבית גשמי, היה צורך בבית ממשי כדי להוכיח לעם ישראל ולאומות סביב, שה' סלח לעמו ושב לדור בקרבם.<fn>In contrast to the Sifre's position above which sees the Tabernacle as a conciliatory gift from the nation to Hashem and a means of asking for a pardon, this position views the building as a gift from God to man, telling the people that He had indeed forgiven them.</fn></point> | <point><b>הצורך בבית גשמי</b> – למרות שלקב"ה אין צורך בבית גשמי, היה צורך בבית ממשי כדי להוכיח לעם ישראל ולאומות סביב, שה' סלח לעמו ושב לדור בקרבם.<fn>In contrast to the Sifre's position above which sees the Tabernacle as a conciliatory gift from the nation to Hashem and a means of asking for a pardon, this position views the building as a gift from God to man, telling the people that He had indeed forgiven them.</fn></point> | ||
<point><b>רצף כרונולוגי</b> – על פי תנחומא ורש"י, הציווי אינו מופיע בסדר הכרונולוגי בו התרחש.<fn><multilink><a href="RashiShemot29-1" data-aht="source">Rashi's</a><a href="RashiShemot29-1" data-aht="source">Shemot 29:1</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki</a></multilink> remark that Aharon's sacrifice at the consecration of the Mishkan which was commanded already in Shemot 29 (as part of the Mishkan directive) came to atone for the sin of the Golden Calf also indicates that the sin preceded the instructions to build the Mishkan. Rashi, here, is consistent with his general approach towards ordering in Tanakh, where he is often willing to posit achronology. See <a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">About Rashi</a> for elaboration.</fn> ראשית הציווי ניתן ביום הכיפורים, כאשר הקב"ה סלח לעם על חטא העגל.</point> | <point><b>רצף כרונולוגי</b> – על פי תנחומא ורש"י, הציווי אינו מופיע בסדר הכרונולוגי בו התרחש.<fn><multilink><a href="RashiShemot29-1" data-aht="source">Rashi's</a><a href="RashiShemot29-1" data-aht="source">Shemot 29:1</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki</a></multilink> remark that Aharon's sacrifice at the consecration of the Mishkan which was commanded already in Shemot 29 (as part of the Mishkan directive) came to atone for the sin of the Golden Calf also indicates that the sin preceded the instructions to build the Mishkan. Rashi, here, is consistent with his general approach towards ordering in Tanakh, where he is often willing to posit achronology. See <a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">About Rashi</a> for elaboration.</fn> ראשית הציווי ניתן ביום הכיפורים, כאשר הקב"ה סלח לעם על חטא העגל.</point> | ||
− | <point><b>Polemical factors</b> – התנחומא מדגיש שהמשכן שימש כעדות בפני כל העולם שהקב"ה סלח לעמו ולא דחה אותו בעקבות חטא העגל.  | + | <point><b>Polemical factors</b> – התנחומא מדגיש שהמשכן שימש כעדות בפני כל העולם שהקב"ה סלח לעמו ולא דחה אותו בעקבות חטא העגל.  תיאורו של תנחומא: "אומות העולם שהיו אומרים לישראל שאין השכינה חוזרת אלינו לעולם שנאמר רבים אומרים לנפשי אין ישועתה לו באלהים" and its employment of the strong language of the verse "יסכר פי דוברי שקר" appear to indicate that it is reacting to an actual group which was making such a claim. As such, the Midrash may well be a direct response to Christian doctrine that the Golden Calf caused a permanent breach in God's relationship with the Children of Israel and created the need for them to observe all of the mitzvot (as a punishment) rather than merely achieving salvation by having simple faith. According to the Midrash, it is specifically the commandment to build a Tabernacle<fn>The Midrash may be making the ironic point that building temples or churches is one of the few commandments that Christians observe.</fn> which follows the sin of the Golden Calf, while all other mitzvot were given already at Marah or on Mt. Sinai before the sin.<fn>See also <a href="Avot and Mitzvot – Was Avraham the First Jew" data-aht="page">Avot and Mitzvot – Was Avraham the First Jew?</a>.</fn></point> |
<point><b>למה עכשיו?</b> עד לחטא העגל, איש לא הטיל ספק בנוכחות האלוקית, ועמוד האש ועמוד הUntil the sin of the Golden Calf, no one doubted God's presence, and a pillar of fire or cloud sufficed. Afterwards, though, it was no longer clear that Hashem would continue to accompany the nation. The Mishkan was built to convince everyone of His continued presence.</point> | <point><b>למה עכשיו?</b> עד לחטא העגל, איש לא הטיל ספק בנוכחות האלוקית, ועמוד האש ועמוד הUntil the sin of the Golden Calf, no one doubted God's presence, and a pillar of fire or cloud sufficed. Afterwards, though, it was no longer clear that Hashem would continue to accompany the nation. The Mishkan was built to convince everyone of His continued presence.</point> | ||
− | <point><b> | + | <point><b>אין איזכור למשכן לפני עליית משה להר סיני</b> – There was no mention since Hashem did not command the nation to build anything during Moshe's first forty days on Mt. Sinai.</point> |
<point><b>Purpose of the Beit HaMikdash</b> – In Shelomo's prayer after building the Beit HaMikdash, he suggests that one of the purposes of the Mikdash was that Gentiles, too, should recognize "כִּי שִׁמְךָ נִקְרָא עַל הַבַּיִת הַזֶּה" (Melachim I:8:43).</point> | <point><b>Purpose of the Beit HaMikdash</b> – In Shelomo's prayer after building the Beit HaMikdash, he suggests that one of the purposes of the Mikdash was that Gentiles, too, should recognize "כִּי שִׁמְךָ נִקְרָא עַל הַבַּיִת הַזֶּה" (Melachim I:8:43).</point> | ||
</opinion> | </opinion> | ||
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<point><b>Parallels</b> – Rambam suggests that many of the specific laws of sacrifices, such as the selection of animals used, the prohibition against leavened bread and honey and the command to include salt, are similarly a reaction to idolatrous practices.</point> | <point><b>Parallels</b> – Rambam suggests that many of the specific laws of sacrifices, such as the selection of animals used, the prohibition against leavened bread and honey and the command to include salt, are similarly a reaction to idolatrous practices.</point> | ||
<point><b>Altars for atonement</b> – Neither of these sources view attainment of  atonement as the main purpose of the building of the Tabernacle.  Though this might be an important aspect of worship, had the people not been influenced by surrounding societies and therefore in need of a physical Taberncle and sacrificial service, atonement might have been accomplished in a different way.</point> | <point><b>Altars for atonement</b> – Neither of these sources view attainment of  atonement as the main purpose of the building of the Tabernacle.  Though this might be an important aspect of worship, had the people not been influenced by surrounding societies and therefore in need of a physical Taberncle and sacrificial service, atonement might have been accomplished in a different way.</point> | ||
− | <point><b> | + | <point><b>אין איזכור למשכן לפני עליית משה להר סיני</b></point> |
<point><b>Purpose of the Beit HaMikdash</b> – The Rambam suggests that the main focus of the Beit HaMikdash, too, was the sacrificial service.</point> | <point><b>Purpose of the Beit HaMikdash</b> – The Rambam suggests that the main focus of the Beit HaMikdash, too, was the sacrificial service.</point> | ||
</opinion> | </opinion> | ||
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<li><b>Tangential benefits</b> – R. Saadia points to other benefits of the building as well, including the fact that it serves as a focal point for people's prayers, as a disincentive to sin (lest it be destroyed), and as a site for people to prophesy and God to perform signs and wonders.</li> | <li><b>Tangential benefits</b> – R. Saadia points to other benefits of the building as well, including the fact that it serves as a focal point for people's prayers, as a disincentive to sin (lest it be destroyed), and as a site for people to prophesy and God to perform signs and wonders.</li> | ||
</ul></point> | </ul></point> | ||
− | <point><b> | + | <point><b>רצף כרונולוגי</b><ul> |
<li><b>Chronological</b> – According to Midrash Aggadah and R. Saadia, the story is in its proper place. Though Midrash Aggadah asserts that certain aspects of the Tabernacle were meant to atone for the sin of the Golden Calf (or other future sins), it explains that God preempted the nation's sins with a ready-made cure.<fn>This is explicit only regarding the use of half shekels, but would logically extend to the rest of the position.</fn></li> | <li><b>Chronological</b> – According to Midrash Aggadah and R. Saadia, the story is in its proper place. Though Midrash Aggadah asserts that certain aspects of the Tabernacle were meant to atone for the sin of the Golden Calf (or other future sins), it explains that God preempted the nation's sins with a ready-made cure.<fn>This is explicit only regarding the use of half shekels, but would logically extend to the rest of the position.</fn></li> | ||
<li><b>Achronological</b> – According to the opinion in Tanchuma that the construction was a response to the sin of the Golden Calf, the command is achronological.</li> | <li><b>Achronological</b> – According to the opinion in Tanchuma that the construction was a response to the sin of the Golden Calf, the command is achronological.</li> | ||
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<point><b>"וְשָׁכַנְתִּי בְּתוֹכָם"</b> – This verse presents the main reason for the Mishkan's construction. Abarbanel, though, does not think that Hashem is saying that He will literally dwell in the Tabernacle. Rather, the verse is metaphorical and means that Hashem's presence and providence will be felt amongst the nation.</point> | <point><b>"וְשָׁכַנְתִּי בְּתוֹכָם"</b> – This verse presents the main reason for the Mishkan's construction. Abarbanel, though, does not think that Hashem is saying that He will literally dwell in the Tabernacle. Rather, the verse is metaphorical and means that Hashem's presence and providence will be felt amongst the nation.</point> | ||
<point><b>Altars for atonement</b> – After the nation's sin, these became a crucial aspect of the Mishkan. Abarbanel, though, does not explain why the altar was part of the original command, if at that point, sacrifices were not part of Hashem's plans.</point> | <point><b>Altars for atonement</b> – After the nation's sin, these became a crucial aspect of the Mishkan. Abarbanel, though, does not explain why the altar was part of the original command, if at that point, sacrifices were not part of Hashem's plans.</point> | ||
− | <point><b> | + | <point><b>אין איזכור למשכן לפני עליית משה להר סיני</b> – It is not clear, according to Abarbanel, why the command is not explicit prior to Moshe's ascent.</point> |
</opinion> | </opinion> | ||
<opinion>Setting Divine Boundaries | <opinion>Setting Divine Boundaries | ||
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<point><b>Need for a physical house</b> – After the sin of the Golden Calf, Hashem preferred not to dwell amongst the nation at all. Due to Moshe's prayers, a compromise was reached through which Hashem's presence would reside amongst them, but only via the Tabernacle and its vessels.</point> | <point><b>Need for a physical house</b> – After the sin of the Golden Calf, Hashem preferred not to dwell amongst the nation at all. Due to Moshe's prayers, a compromise was reached through which Hashem's presence would reside amongst them, but only via the Tabernacle and its vessels.</point> | ||
<point><b>Why now?</b> Hashem's original and preferred plan was not to have a Tabernacle, but rather to be worshiped via individual altars<fn>Hashem's command to build stone altars in Shemot 20:20 represented the ideal.</fn> and service. After the sin of the Golden Calf, though, the nation proved unworthy of such worship, and a new system was set up.</point> | <point><b>Why now?</b> Hashem's original and preferred plan was not to have a Tabernacle, but rather to be worshiped via individual altars<fn>Hashem's command to build stone altars in Shemot 20:20 represented the ideal.</fn> and service. After the sin of the Golden Calf, though, the nation proved unworthy of such worship, and a new system was set up.</point> | ||
− | <point><b> | + | <point><b>רצף כרונולוגי</b> – The command is out of place and was only given during Moshe's final ascent up the mountain after the sin of the Golden Calf.</point> |
<point><b>Parallels</b> – Seforno asserts that several other laws, such as kashrut, laws of purity, and libations, were similarly instituted only in the aftermath of the sin of the Golden Calf, and were meant to serve as a corrective to the nation's behavior.</point> | <point><b>Parallels</b> – Seforno asserts that several other laws, such as kashrut, laws of purity, and libations, were similarly instituted only in the aftermath of the sin of the Golden Calf, and were meant to serve as a corrective to the nation's behavior.</point> | ||
<point><b>Focal point</b> – According to Seforno, the cherubs atop the ark are the focal point of the Tabernacle, for it is through them that Hashem speaks to Moshe and listens to his prayers.</point> | <point><b>Focal point</b> – According to Seforno, the cherubs atop the ark are the focal point of the Tabernacle, for it is through them that Hashem speaks to Moshe and listens to his prayers.</point> | ||
<point><b>"וְשָׁכַנְתִּי בְּתוֹכָם"</b> – According to Seforno, Hashem is referring to having His providence dwell among the nation.  Prior to the sin, no vehicle was necessary to accomplish this, but now that was no longer true.</point> | <point><b>"וְשָׁכַנְתִּי בְּתוֹכָם"</b> – According to Seforno, Hashem is referring to having His providence dwell among the nation.  Prior to the sin, no vehicle was necessary to accomplish this, but now that was no longer true.</point> | ||
− | <point><b> | + | <point><b>אין איזכור למשכן לפני עליית משה להר סיני</b> – There was no mention of the building of the Tabernacle since at that point, there were no plans for one to be built.</point> |
</opinion> | </opinion> | ||
</category> | </category> |
Version as of 03:53, 1 July 2019
מטרת המשכן
גישות פרשניות
המשכן כאידיאל
בניית המשכן סיפקה מגוון הזדמנויות לבני ישראל והיטיבה איתם.
הרחבה של הר סיני
המשכן מיסד את המשך ההתגלות הא-לוהית שהחלה בהר סיני ואיכסן את לוחות הברית שניתנו במעמד.1
- ר"י בכור שור מסביר שברמה הבסיסית ביותר שלו, המשכן נועד להחזיק את ארון הברית, ששימש ככספת ללוחות. בהתבסס על הקשר בין המשכן והארון לבין הלוחות, רמב"ן מפתח את הרעיון שהמשכן הוא בעצם המשך של הר סיני,6 ובכך מבין את המשכן כמיסוד של נוכחות השכינה המתמשכת.7 לדעת שניהם, בעוד לקב"ה אין צורך אישי במבנה, המשכן הכרחי למען המשך נוכחותו בקרב העם.
- לעומתם, קאסוטו מבין שלמרות שהקב"ה יכול לנכוח בקרב העם ללא בניין גשמי, העם היה צריך לראות מבנה ממשי כדי להוכיח להם שהשכינה עדיין שורה בקרבם.8
Honoring Hashem
המשכן סיפק הזדמנות לבני ישראל להכיר תודה לקב"ה, והם יכלו להקדיש את כל יצירותיהם והשקעתם הקולקטיבית לה' על ידי בניית המשכן.
מוקד לאומי
המשכן יצר אחדות והבטיח גיבוש של העם בכך שהיווה מוקד מרכזי לעבודת ה'.
המשכן כתרופה
בניית המשכן לא היוותה אידיאל או מטרה כשלעצמה, כי אם פתרון למצב בעייתי.
כלי כפרה
המשכן נבנה כדי לכפר על חטא העגל.38
- בלבול כרונולוגי – הסיפרא מסביר שלמרות שהציווי לבניית המשכן מופיע לפני תיאור חטא העגל, הציווי באמת ניתן רק לאחריו וכתגובה לחטא. טענה זו נאמרת מפורשות בתנחומא.
- סדר כרונולוגי – למרות שהלקח טוב ורבינו בחיי מסכימים שבניית המשכן כיפרה על חטא העגל, בכל זאת הם סוברים שהציווי ניתן לפני החטא וכך הקב"ה "הקדים רפואה למכה".
סימן לסליחה
גילוי השכינה במשכן נועד להעיד ("מִשְׁכַּן הָעֵדֻת") שהקב"ה סלח לבני ישראל על חטא העגל.
- אומות העולם – התנחומא מדגיש שהמשכן נועד להוכיח לכל האומות ("כדי שידעו כל האומות", "עדות לכל באי העולם") שהקב"ה סלח לבני ישראל על חטא העגל.
- בני ישראל בעצמם – רש"י מפתח את גישת התנחומא52 וטוען שההוכחה נועדה להפנמה של בני ישראל בעצמם שהקב"ה סלח להם ("עדות לישראל"), בעקבות הפחד שלהם שה' עדיין כועס על חטאם.
Concession to Human Foibles
The Mishkan was not the preferred forum for worship, but simply a necessity given the people's tendencies towards idolatrous practices.
- R. Yehuda HaLevi emphasizes the nation's need for a tangible object to which they could direct their service to Hashem. As the people were used to others worshiping idols, they, too, looked for some concrete representation of God's presence.
- Rambam, instead, focuses on the people's need for a sacrificial service. As neighboring religions worshiped their gods through the bringing of sacrifices and incense, the Israelites wanted to serve Hashem in the same manner. Rambam emphasizes that God's allowance of this service was a means of weaning the people away from true idolatry.58
- Rambam appears to view the Tabernacle and sacrificial service as being a necessary antidote to idolatrous tendencies in general, regardless of the specific sin of the Golden Calf. As such, he might maintain that the command is found in its proper chronological place and was given before the sin.61
- According to R"Y HaLevi, regardless of the sin, Hashem had planned on giving the people the Tablets and ark to serve as tangible objects through which to focus their worship of Hashem. It is likely then, that the Mishkan was commanded at the same time and with the same purpose. It served to house these objects and thereby represent Hashem's presence within the nation. Alternatively, though, it is possible that originally Hashem thought that the ark alone would suffice to house the Tablets, without a surrounding Tabernacle. However the sin of the Calf confirmed that the people not only needed a physical symbol of Hashem's presence, but also that there was danger in such symbols, for the people might come to worship the symbols in place of Hashem. Thus, after the sin, Hashem added a Tabernacle to the plan, recognizing that the ark needed to be housed in such a way that the people did not come to mistake it for a god.62
- According to R"Y HaLevi, the Tabernacle is directly connected to the receiving of the Tablets (and perhaps also to the Sin of the Calf) and is thus commanded to be built now, right as they are given (or the people sin).
- Rambam could suggest that Hashem gave the command regarding the Tabernacle while still in the Wilderness because He needed to provide an alternative to the idolatrous Canaanite worship before arrival in Israel.63 Had there not been an alternative mode of worship set in place before arrival, there would have been a danger that the nation would come under corrosive influences and abandon monotheistic worship altogether.
מטרות רבות ומתפחות
למשכן מספר מThe Mishkan had multiple purposes or reflected the revision of an originally preferred Divine plan as a result of human failings.
Multiple Purposes
The Mishkan had several objectives, serving as a vehicle through which the nation could honor and show their appreciation to God, as a site which facilitated expiation of sins, and as God's dwelling place.64
- R. Saadia Gaon vehemently opposes the idea that Hashem is confined in, or has need of, a physical structure, and asserts that God does not reside in the Mishkan at all.70 He, presumably, understands that in this verse God is saying that He will dwell amongst the people as a whole.
- Tanchuma, in contrast, reads this to literally refer to Hashem's dwelling in the Mishkan. Out of His love for the nation, Hashem left His abode on high and moved to a parallel one on earth.
- Palace for a king – Midrash Aggadah and R. Saadia Gaon suggest that the nation only knew how to relate to Hashem via human models of relationship. Thus, they thought to honor God in the way that subjects glorify a king,71 by building him a palace complete with a candelabrum, table, and incense.72
- Parallel home – Tanchuma suggests that Hashem does dwell in a house and views the Mishkan as God's earthly abode.
- Response to Sin of Golden Calf – Tanchuma also brings the opinion that building the Mishkan was either part of the atonement process73 or testimony to Hashem's forgiveness.74
- Tangential benefits – R. Saadia points to other benefits of the building as well, including the fact that it serves as a focal point for people's prayers, as a disincentive to sin (lest it be destroyed), and as a site for people to prophesy and God to perform signs and wonders.
- Chronological – According to Midrash Aggadah and R. Saadia, the story is in its proper place. Though Midrash Aggadah asserts that certain aspects of the Tabernacle were meant to atone for the sin of the Golden Calf (or other future sins), it explains that God preempted the nation's sins with a ready-made cure.75
- Achronological – According to the opinion in Tanchuma that the construction was a response to the sin of the Golden Calf, the command is achronological.
Mishkan vs. Sacrifices
In Hashem's original plan, there was to be just the Tabernacle, a vehicle through which the nation would feel His presence amongst them. After the sin of the Golden Calf, Hashem added a sacrificial component to facilitate the atonement process.
Setting Divine Boundaries
Originally God's presence could be accessed anywhere and by anyone, but after the sin of the Golden Calf, an intermediary in the form of the Mishkan and priests was necessary