Sale of the Birthright in Art/0/he

מכירת הבכורה באמנות

הקדמה

סיפורי יעקב ועשיו מרתקים בשל עיסוקם ביריבות בין אחים, באהבה, ובדחייה. שני ציורי השמן המוצגים כאן - "מכירת הבכורה" (1640) של מתיאס סטום ו"עשו מכר את הבכורה ליעקב בעבור נזיד עדשים", של צייר לא ידוע ממעגלו האמנותי של סטום - מתארים את מכירת הבכורה שבבראשית כ"ה. במבט ראשון, שתי התמונות נראות דומות למדי. בשתיהן האחים נמצאים מסביב לשולחן כשהאחד יושב והאחר עומד, והם מבצעים את העסקה בחדר חשוך ואפוף חשאיות. עם זאת, מבט מעמיק יותר יגלה הבדלים חשובים בשני הציורים בנוגע לדמויות הנוכחות בסצנה המוצגת, הגיל והמראה של האחים, והאביזרים שברשותם.

The stories of Yaakov and Esav rivet the reader as they explore sibling rivalry, love, and rejection. The two oil paintings shown here, "Selling the Birthright" (1640) by Matthias Stom,¹ and "Esau Sold Jacob his Birthright and the Mess of Pottage", by an unknown member of Stom's artistic circle, both depict the sale of the birthright from בראשית כ"ה. At first glance, the two images seem very similar. In both, the brothers are positioned around a table, with one seated and the other standing, and they handle the transaction in a darkened room, shrouded in secrecy. On a closer look, though, the two paintings differ in several important details including the cast of characters included in the scene, the age and likeness of the brothers, and the props that accompany them. These differences relate to a number of unanswered questions in the Biblical text.

Contrasting Images

Stom

סטום, מומחה ב****, משתמש ביעילות באור, ומקנה לציור נימה של עוינות בהמחזתו את הדמויות הראשיות. 

Stom, a master of chiaroscuro,² effectively plays with lighting, lending the painting an aura of intrigue while illuminating the main characters. A plump Yaakov sits at the table, facing his more slender, bearded, brother. Esav is standing, with one hand grasping his freshly caught rabbit and the other touching the bowl of lentil stew. In between the two, a somewhat masculine looking woman, presumably Rivka, looks on. Though her body is turned toward Esav, she is glancing at Yaakov, her hand gestures mirroring his, as if silently helping to guide the proceedings.

Stom's Circle

"Mess of Pottage" similarly uses the lighting to spotlight the characters, but it focuses exlusively on Yaakov and Esav. The brothers look almost identical and Esav is identifiable only by the slightly reddish tint of his hair and the hunting dog on his right. Here too, Yaakov sits while his twin stands, but Esav is hunched over and there is no game in his hand. The two brothers shake hands to seal the deal while the dish of lentils sits on the table below.

Relationship to the Biblical Text

The artists' choices reflect certain ambiguities in the Biblical text and different possible interpretive stances:

Dying of Hunger?

Stom paints Esav with a dead rabbit in his hand, while the second image portrays Esav standing empty-handed.³ Did Esav have other readily available food,⁴ or was his eating from the lentil stew a matter of life and death? Although Esav tells Yaakov "הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי הוֹלֵךְ לָמוּת", this could mean either that he was literally about to die of hunger,⁵ or that due to his dangerous lifestyle he would likely die before benefitting from his inheritance.⁶ These possibilities lead to very different evaluations of both Yaakov and Esav. Is Yaakov a manipulative schemer taking advantage of his dying brother's dire situation? Or, is Esav simply so impulsive that he is ready to sign away his birthright for a fleeting indulgence? See מכירת הבכורה for more.

Cast of Characters

Many readers of the text, like the unknown artist in the second picture, assume that the sale took place with just the two brothers present. Stom, however, adds a third character, presumably Rivka. This rendering raises the important issue of whether anyone else besides Yaakov and Esav knew about the deal? Is it possible that Rivka, given her favoring of Yaakov, even played a role in the transaction? This question is particularly relevant in light of the events of פרק כ"ז. When Rivka plots to transfer the blessing to Yaakov, was she influenced by her knowledge that Yaakov had purchased the birthright and thus deserved the blessing? And what about Yitzchak? When he attempts to bestow his blessing upon Esav, was he aware that Esav had sold the birthright? For more on the relationship between the two episodes, see בכורה וברכות.

גיל האחים

In "Mess of Pottage" the twins are portrayed as young lads, whereas in Stom's painting they appear somewhat older, perhaps in their twenties. Was the sale due to the impetuousness of youth, or were the brothers old enough to fully understand the implications of their actions? How many years passed between this incident and the giving of the blessings בפרק כ"ז? The Torah leaves the chronology ambiguous. Immediately before this story it states "וַיִּגְדְּלוּ הַנְּעָרִים", while at the end of the next chapter (26) we read that Esav married at forty. This leaves a large window of time in which the story might have transpired. See כרונולוגיה של בראשית כ"ה-כ"ז.

Sealing the Deal

In "Mess of Pottage" the brothers seal their deal with a handshake, the artist's contemporary equivalent of Tanakh's oath. The lentils are still untouched on the table, suggesting, as the simple reading of the text may imply, that the deal was made before the food was provided. In Stom's painting, in contrast, Esav holds a near empty plate, possibly having finished the stew before the negotiations took place. Is there any textual basis for such a possibility?

In fact, the past perfect form of the phrase, "וְיַעֲקֹב נָתַן לְעֵשָׂו לֶחֶם וּנְזִיד עֲדָשִׁים" may signify that the food was provided before the sale – see עבר מהופך.⁷ If so, both the discussion and the price set for the birthright were unconnected to the stew that Yaakov was cooking.⁸ This, of course, has great implications for the way in which one views both Yaakov's and Esav's actions, by allowing for the possibility that a much fairer price was offered. See מכירת הבכורה for more.

How Red is "אָדֹם"?

• "הָאָדֹם הָאָדֹם הַזֶּה" – It is difficult to make out the lentil soup in Stom's image, but in "Mess of Pottage" it is prominently displayed on the table, and is not at all red. In truth, although most assume that "אָדֹם" means red, it is possible that in Biblical Hebrew the word might instead refer to a brownish hue. See אדום for elaboration.
• Esav in Stom's painting is dark haired, while in "Mess of Pottage" he is a redhead. This question depends on how one interprets "וַיֵּצֵא הָרִאשׁוֹן אַדְמוֹנִי כֻּלּוֹ". The word "אַדְמוֹנִי" could refer to red hair or it could connote a ruddiness of skin. And, as above, even if it describes Esav's hair, it might still refer to a shade of brown rather than red.

Look Alike Twins?

While Stom paints the brothers looking nothing alike, the second artist presents them as almost identical. According to the Biblical text, it is clear that Esav was hairy while Yaakov was smooth-skinned, but we are told nothing of their other characteristics such as their build or height. Even the degree to which their voices differed is unclear. In פרק כ"ז, even though Yitzchak says, "הַקֹּל קוֹל יַעֲקֹב", the difference in the sound of their voices is still insufficient for him to conclusively determine that the son before him is indeed Yaakov.

¹ מתיאס סטום היה צייר הולנדי בן המאה ה-17 שהושפע מאוד מסגנונו של האמן האיטלקי אמריגי דה קראווג'ו.

² The term refers to an artistic style which is marked by stark contrasts of light and dark. It comes from the Italian words "chiaro" meaning clear or light and "oscuro" meaning obscure or dark.

³ In the second painting, the hunting motif is reflected instead through the hunting dog accompanying Esav.

⁴ See also below for the possibility that in Stom's rendering, Esav had already partaken from the stew.

⁵ This may also depend on how Esav's words "כִּי עָיֵף אָנֹכִי" are interpreted. "עָיֵף" is commonly understood to mean weary, but it can also connote extreme thirst or hunger. Compare רש״יבראשית כ״ה:כ״טאודות ר' שלמה יצחקי and אבן עזראבראשית פירוש ראשון כ״ה:כ״טאודות ר' אברהם אבן עזרא. Other verses where the word "עָיֵף" seems to mean thirst include ישעיהו כ״ט:ח׳, תהלים ס״ג:ב׳, and איוב כ״ב:ז׳. See עיף for a full discussion.

⁶ See רשב״םבראשית כ״ה:ל״באודות ר' שמואל בן מאיר and אבן עזראבראשית פירוש ראשון כ״ה:ל״באודות ר' אברהם אבן עזרא, and compare with the explanation of ר׳ יוסף בכור שורבראשית כ״ה:כ״ט-ל׳אודות ר' יוסף בכור שור.

⁷ See הכתב והקבלהבראשית כ״ה:ל״דאודות ר' יעקב מקלנבורג who adopts this position.

⁸ Compare to the approach of רשב״םבראשית כ״ה:ל״באודות ר' שמואל בן מאיר who proposes that the birthright was sold for money, and that the meal was merely a ceremony to seal the deal.