Difference between revisions of "Sin and Slaughter of Shekhem/2"
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<opinion name="">The entire city was guilty | <opinion name="">The entire city was guilty | ||
<mekorot><multilink><a href="TosafotHaShalemBereshit34-31MSHamburg40" data-aht="source">Baalei HaTosafot</a><a href="TosafotHaShalemBereshit34-31MSHamburg40" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:31 (MS Hamburg 40)</a><a href="Ba'alei HaTosafot" data-aht="parshan">About Ba'alei HaTosafot</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RambamHilkhotMelakhim9-14" data-aht="source">Rambam</a><a href="RambamHilkhotMelakhim9-14" data-aht="source">Hilkhot Melakhim 9:14</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Maimon (Rambam)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe Maimonides</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RYosefibnKaspiBereshit34-27" data-aht="source">R. Yosef ibn Kaspi</a><a href="RYosefibnKaspiBereshit34-27" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:27</a><a href="R. Yosef ibn Kaspi" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef ibn Kaspi</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="AbarbanelBereshit34-25-29" data-aht="source">Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelBereshit34-25-29" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:25-29</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="OrHaChayyimBereshit34-25" data-aht="source">Or HaChayyim #2</a><a href="OrHaChayyimBereshit34-25" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:25</a><a href="R. Chayyim b. Atar (Or HaChayyim)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Chayyim b. Atar</a></multilink></mekorot> | <mekorot><multilink><a href="TosafotHaShalemBereshit34-31MSHamburg40" data-aht="source">Baalei HaTosafot</a><a href="TosafotHaShalemBereshit34-31MSHamburg40" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:31 (MS Hamburg 40)</a><a href="Ba'alei HaTosafot" data-aht="parshan">About Ba'alei HaTosafot</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RambamHilkhotMelakhim9-14" data-aht="source">Rambam</a><a href="RambamHilkhotMelakhim9-14" data-aht="source">Hilkhot Melakhim 9:14</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Maimon (Rambam)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe Maimonides</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RYosefibnKaspiBereshit34-27" data-aht="source">R. Yosef ibn Kaspi</a><a href="RYosefibnKaspiBereshit34-27" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:27</a><a href="R. Yosef ibn Kaspi" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef ibn Kaspi</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="AbarbanelBereshit34-25-29" data-aht="source">Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelBereshit34-25-29" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:25-29</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="OrHaChayyimBereshit34-25" data-aht="source">Or HaChayyim #2</a><a href="OrHaChayyimBereshit34-25" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:25</a><a href="R. Chayyim b. Atar (Or HaChayyim)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Chayyim b. Atar</a></multilink></mekorot> | ||
| − | <point><b>Did Shechem deserve death?</b></point> | + | <point><b>Did Shechem deserve death?</b> Rambam,  Abarbanel and Or HaChayyim maintain that the act of taking DIna against her will falls under the category of "theft" which is a capital crime under the Noahide laws.<fn>Or HaChayyim points out that raping Dina alone would not have incurred the death penalty since she was not married and the Noahide laws only include adultery.</fn> Tosafot, on the other hand, apparently assumes that it is justified to punish rape with death, even though neither Noahide nor Torah law does so.<fn>Abarbanel also writes that the Noahides were warned regarding "עריות" implying that this alone justified punishing Shechem.  He does not differentiate between cases of illicit relations with married versus non married woman.</fn></point> |
| − | <point><b>In what did the city sin?</b> These commentators differ in their assessment of the specific wrongdoing:<br/> | + | <point><b>In what did the city sin?</b> These commentators differ in their assessment of the specific wrongdoing of the people of the city:<br/> |
<ul> | <ul> | ||
| − | <li><b>Condoning the Act</b> – Ibn Kaspi and Abarbanel assert that the people of  Shechem did not protest the taking of Dina, and as such were guilty.<fn>Ibn Kaspi points to Hashem's warning to Yechezkel that if he does not chastise wrongdoers, he himself will be held accountable: "בְּאָמְרִי לָרָשָׁע מוֹת תָּמוּת וְלֹא הִזְהַרְתּוֹ... הוּא רָשָׁע בַּעֲוֹנוֹ יָמוּת וְדָמוֹ מִיָּדְךָ אֲבַקֵּשׁ".</fn> Rambam adds that in not prosecuting Shechem, they violated the Noahide law to institute legal procedures, which is punishable by death.</li> | + | <li><b>Condoning the Act</b> – Ibn Kaspi and Abarbanel assert that the people of  Shechem did not protest the taking of Dina, and as such were guilty of complicity.<fn>Ibn Kaspi points to Hashem's warning to Yechezkel that if he does not chastise wrongdoers, he himself will be held accountable: "בְּאָמְרִי לָרָשָׁע מוֹת תָּמוּת וְלֹא הִזְהַרְתּוֹ... הוּא רָשָׁע בַּעֲוֹנוֹ יָמוּת וְדָמוֹ מִיָּדְךָ אֲבַקֵּשׁ".</fn> Rambam adds that in not prosecuting Shechem, they violated the Noahide law to institute legal procedures, which is itself punishable by death.</li> |
| − | <li><b>Actively took Dina</b> | + | <li><b>Actively took Dina</b> – Or HaChayyim asserts that the people of the city participated in the taking of Dina, thereby transgressing the Noahide Law of Theft.<fn>See above that this is a capital crime under the Noahide laws.</fn></li> |
| − | <li>Joined in the sexual | + | <li><b>Joined in the sexual assault</b> – Tosafot goes even a step further to suggest that Dina was raped by the other men of Shechem as well.<fn>He apparently maintains that killing one who rapes is justified.</fn></li> |
</ul></point> | </ul></point> | ||
| − | <point><b> | + | <point><b>"אֲשֶׁר טִמְּאוּ"</b> – Tosafot, Ibn Kaspi and Or HaChayyim point to these words as evidence that the entire city was implicated in the crime.</point> |
| − | |||
<point><b>"וַיַּעֲנוּ בְנֵי יַעֲקֹב... בְּמִרְמָה"</b></point> | <point><b>"וַיַּעֲנוּ בְנֵי יַעֲקֹב... בְּמִרְמָה"</b></point> | ||
| − | <point><b>" | + | <point><b>Yaakov's reaction: "עכרתם אותי"</b></point> |
| + | <point><b>Hashem's evaluation: protection, choosing of Levi</b></point> | ||
<point><b>Why did they kill them on the third day?</b></point> | <point><b>Why did they kill them on the third day?</b></point> | ||
<point><b>Taking of the Spoils</b></point> | <point><b>Taking of the Spoils</b></point> | ||
| Line 50: | Line 50: | ||
</opinion> | </opinion> | ||
<opinion name="">Deterrence for the future | <opinion name="">Deterrence for the future | ||
| − | <mekorot><multilink><a href="TargumPseudo-JonathanBereshit34-31" data-aht="source">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a><a href="TargumPseudo-JonathanBereshit34-31" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:31</a><a href="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan" data-aht="parshan">About Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="TargumYerushalmiBereshit34-31" data-aht="source">Targum Yerushalmi</a><a href="TargumYerushalmiBereshit34-31" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:31</a><a href="Targum Yerushalmi" data-aht="parshan">About Targum Yerushalmi</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="OrHaChayyimBereshit34-31" data-aht="source">Or HaChayyim</a><a href="OrHaChayyimBereshit34-25" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:25</a><a href="OrHaChayyimBereshit34-31" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:31</a><a href="R. Chayyim b. Atar (Or HaChayyim)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Chayyim b. Atar</a></multilink> | + | <mekorot><multilink><a href="TargumPseudo-JonathanBereshit34-31" data-aht="source">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a><a href="TargumPseudo-JonathanBereshit34-31" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:31</a><a href="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan" data-aht="parshan">About Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="TargumYerushalmiBereshit34-31" data-aht="source">Targum Yerushalmi</a><a href="TargumYerushalmiBereshit34-31" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:31</a><a href="Targum Yerushalmi" data-aht="parshan">About Targum Yerushalmi</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="OrHaChayyimBereshit34-31" data-aht="source">Or HaChayyim</a><a href="OrHaChayyimBereshit34-25" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:25</a><a href="OrHaChayyimBereshit34-31" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:31</a><a href="R. Chayyim b. Atar (Or HaChayyim)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Chayyim b. Atar</a></multilink>, C. Porat</mekorot> |
<point><b>Yaakov's reaction</b></point> | <point><b>Yaakov's reaction</b></point> | ||
<point><b>Hashem's evaluation</b></point> | <point><b>Hashem's evaluation</b></point> | ||
| Line 62: | Line 62: | ||
</opinion> | </opinion> | ||
</category> | </category> | ||
| − | <category name=""> | + | <category name="">Sinned |
| − | <mekorot><multilink><a href="RambanBereshit49-5-6" data-aht="source">Ramban</a><a href="RambanBereshit34-13" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:13</a><a href="RambanBereshit49-5-6" data-aht="source">Bereshit 49:5-6</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe Nachmanides</a></multilink>, R. Hirsch | + | <mekorot><multilink><a href="RambanBereshit49-5-6" data-aht="source">Ramban</a><a href="RambanBereshit34-13" data-aht="source">Bereshit 34:13</a><a href="RambanBereshit49-5-6" data-aht="source">Bereshit 49:5-6</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe Nachmanides</a></multilink>, R. Hirsch, R. D"Z Hoffmann</mekorot> |
<point><b>Yaakov's reaction</b></point> | <point><b>Yaakov's reaction</b></point> | ||
<point><b>Hashem's evaluation</b></point> | <point><b>Hashem's evaluation</b></point> | ||
Version as of 01:31, 4 December 2014
Shimon and Levi in Shekhem
Exegetical Approaches
Justified
The entire city was guilty
Did Shechem deserve death? Rambam, Abarbanel and Or HaChayyim maintain that the act of taking DIna against her will falls under the category of "theft" which is a capital crime under the Noahide laws.1 Tosafot, on the other hand, apparently assumes that it is justified to punish rape with death, even though neither Noahide nor Torah law does so.2
In what did the city sin? These commentators differ in their assessment of the specific wrongdoing of the people of the city:
- Condoning the Act – Ibn Kaspi and Abarbanel assert that the people of Shechem did not protest the taking of Dina, and as such were guilty of complicity.3 Rambam adds that in not prosecuting Shechem, they violated the Noahide law to institute legal procedures, which is itself punishable by death.
- Actively took Dina – Or HaChayyim asserts that the people of the city participated in the taking of Dina, thereby transgressing the Noahide Law of Theft.4
- Joined in the sexual assault – Tosafot goes even a step further to suggest that Dina was raped by the other men of Shechem as well.5
"אֲשֶׁר טִמְּאוּ" – Tosafot, Ibn Kaspi and Or HaChayyim point to these words as evidence that the entire city was implicated in the crime.
"וַיַּעֲנוּ בְנֵי יַעֲקֹב... בְּמִרְמָה"
Yaakov's reaction: "עכרתם אותי"
Hashem's evaluation: protection, choosing of Levi
Why did they kill them on the third day?
Taking of the Spoils
Shimon and Levi versus the other brothers
Yaakov's blessing in Bereshit 49
Polemical motivations
Practical necessity so as to retrieve Dina
Yaakov's reaction
Hashem's evaluation
"וַיַּעֲנוּ בְנֵי יַעֲקֹב... בְּמִרְמָה"
"אֲשֶׁר טִמְּאוּ"
Why did they kill them on the third day?
Taking of the Spoils
Shimon and Levi versus the other brothers
Yaakov's blessing in Bereshit 49
Polemical motivations
Shechemites reneged on the deal
Sources:Sefer HaYashar, Sefer Yosef HaMekannei, Peirush HaRosh, Hadar Zekeinim, Ma'asei Hashem, HaKetav VeHaKabbalah
Yaakov's reaction
Hashem's evaluation
"וַיַּעֲנוּ בְנֵי יַעֲקֹב... בְּמִרְמָה"
"אֲשֶׁר טִמְּאוּ"
Why did they kill them on the third day?
Taking of the Spoils
Shimon and Levi versus the other brothers
Yaakov's blessing in Bereshit 49
Polemical motivations
Deterrence for the future
Yaakov's reaction
Hashem's evaluation
"וַיַּעֲנוּ בְנֵי יַעֲקֹב... בְּמִרְמָה"
"אֲשֶׁר טִמְּאוּ"
Why did they kill them on the third day?
Taking of the Spoils
Shimon and Levi versus the other brothers
Yaakov's blessing in Bereshit 49
Polemical motivations
Sinned
Sources:Ramban, R. Hirsch, R. D"Z Hoffmann
Yaakov's reaction
Hashem's evaluation
"וַיַּעֲנוּ בְנֵי יַעֲקֹב... בְּמִרְמָה"
"אֲשֶׁר טִמְּאוּ"
Why did they kill them on the third day?
Taking of the Spoils
Shimon and Levi versus the other brothers
Yaakov's blessing in Bereshit 49
Polemical motivations
