Difference between revisions of "Yaakov's Dream in Art/0/he"
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<h2>הקדמה</h2> | <h2>הקדמה</h2> | ||
− | <p>The three artworks discussed here, Bartolomé Murillo's <i>Jacob's Dream</i> (1665),<fn> | + | <p>The three artworks discussed here, Bartolomé Murillo's <i>Jacob's Dream</i> (1665),<fn>ברטולומה אסטבן מורילו (1617-1682) היה אחד הציירים הספרדים המפורסמים ביותר בימיו. הוא עבד בסגנון הבארוק וידוע בעיקר בזכות ציורי הדת שלו. הוא גם צייר תיאורים ריאליסטיים רבים מחיי היומיום, כולל ציורים של ילדים עכשוויים, קבצנים, ונערות פרחים. עבודה זו שוכנת בהרמיטאז' בסנקט פטרבורג.</fn> the miniature from the Sister Haggadah,<fn>הגדה מוארת זו מקטלוניה של המאה ה-14 אויירה על ידי אמן לא ידוע. את שמו טבע בצלאל נרקיס בגלל דמיונו להגדת הזהב הידועה יותר. ההגדה ממוקמת במוזיאון הבריטי ויש גישה מקוונת לדפים ממנה <a href="http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=19290&CollID=96&NStart=2884">כאן</a>.</fn> and Jacques Stella's <i>Jacob's Ladder</i> (1650),<fn>ז'אק סטלה (1596 - 1657) היה צייר בארוק צרפתי. הוא צייר את הדימוי הזה באוניקס, תוך כדי שימוש בעורקים הטבעיים של השיש בהרכבו. הציור נמצא כעת במוזיאון האמנות של מחוז לוס אנג'לס.</fn> all depict the סצנת הפתיחה של פרשת ויצא, חלום יעקב בבית אל. Though each depiction contains similar components (a sleeping Yaakov, "סֻלָּם", ומלאכים), the varying details included by each artist suggest different interpretations of what Yaakov actually saw in his dream and the meaning of this vision.</p></div> |
<category>השוואת התמונות | <category>השוואת התמונות | ||
<subcategory>Murillo | <subcategory>Murillo | ||
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</subcategory> | </subcategory> | ||
<subcategory>Sister Haggadah | <subcategory>Sister Haggadah | ||
− | <p>This image is a more simplistic rendering of the subject, with fewer figures and a barer background. The ladder crosses the composition on a diagonal, extending from Yaakov in the bottom left corner to two visages that peer through a stylized cloud at the top right.<fn> | + | <p>This image is a more simplistic rendering of the subject, with fewer figures and a barer background. The ladder crosses the composition on a diagonal, extending from Yaakov in the bottom left corner to two visages that peer through a stylized cloud at the top right.<fn>התמונה הכפולה מביכה. במסגרת התיאור הדומה בהגדת הזהב, ג'ו מילגרום (עיינו <a href="http://www.tali-virtualmidrash.org.il/ArticleEng.aspx?art=22">כאן</a>)  מציעה כי הפרשנות נובעת מן ה<multilink><a href="PsJBereshit28-12" data-aht="source">תרגומים</a><a href="PsJBereshit28-12" data-aht="source">בראשית כ״ח:י״ב</a><a href="TargumYerushalmi28-12" data-aht="source">תרגום ירושלמי (קטעים) בראשית כ״ח:י״ב</a><a href="Targum Yerushalmi (Yonatan)" data-aht="parshan">אודות תרגום ירושלמי (יונתן)</a><a href="Targum Yerushalmi (Fragmentary)" data-aht="parshan">אודות תרגום ירושלמי (קטעים)</a></multilink>, הסבורים כי פניו של יעקב נחרטו בכסא הכבוד. המלאכים טיפסו למעלה ולמטה כדי לראות את האיש הזה שישן לרגליהם אף שפניו היו גם למעלה בשמיים.</fn> One angel ascends the ladder while three surround Yaakov on the floor. One of these sits at Yaakov's feet, while another stands behind him, supporting him as he reclines.</p> |
</subcategory> | </subcategory> | ||
<subcategory>Stella | <subcategory>Stella | ||
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<p>בחירותיהם של האמנים מעידות על ערפול מסויים בטקסט המקראי, ומהוות דרכים שונות לפרש את הפסוקים:</p> | <p>בחירותיהם של האמנים מעידות על ערפול מסויים בטקסט המקראי, ומהוות דרכים שונות לפרש את הפסוקים:</p> | ||
<subcategory>מעשי המלאכים | <subcategory>מעשי המלאכים | ||
− | <p>In Stella's painting, the angels descend the ladder in pairs and seem to converse with each other, taking no notice of Yaakov. In the Sister Haggadah, in contrast, some of the angels are not on the ladder at all but rather hover over the figure of Yaakov on the floor. Murillo's image charts a middle course. While most of his angels are simply climbing the ladder oblivious to Yaakov, one of the angels at the bottom appears to be bidding him farewell while another seems to be about to greet him.</p><p>These differences relate to an unknown in the Biblical text. Though the reader is told that the angels were going up and down the ladder, the text does not elaborate any further about their accompanying actions, nor about the significance of their movements. This leaves the meaning of the vision ambiguous. Did the angels symbolize a protective guard for Yaakov?<fn> | + | <p>In Stella's painting, the angels descend the ladder in pairs and seem to converse with each other, taking no notice of Yaakov. In the Sister Haggadah, in contrast, some of the angels are not on the ladder at all but rather hover over the figure of Yaakov on the floor. Murillo's image charts a middle course. While most of his angels are simply climbing the ladder oblivious to Yaakov, one of the angels at the bottom appears to be bidding him farewell while another seems to be about to greet him.</p> |
+ | <p>These differences relate to an unknown in the Biblical text. Though the reader is told that the angels were going up and down the ladder, the text does not elaborate any further about their accompanying actions, nor about the significance of their movements. This leaves the meaning of the vision ambiguous. Did the angels symbolize a protective guard for Yaakov?<fn>השוו <multilink><a href="BereshitRabbah68-12" data-aht="source">בראשית רבה</a><a href="BereshitRabbah68-12" data-aht="source">ס״ח:י״ב</a><a href="Bereshit Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">אודות בראשית רבה</a></multilink> שמרמז שהמלאכים העולים ליוו את יעקב בארץ ישראל ושהמלאכים היורדים עמדו ללוות אותו בשאר מסעו (בחו"ל).</fn> Did they form some sort of receiving line in advance of Yaakov's entering into a discussion with God? Or, did Hashem simply want Yaakov to see His messengers discussing their respective tasks?<fn>ראו <multilink><a href="RambanBereshit28-12" data-aht="source">רמב״ן</a><a href="RambanBereshit28-12" data-aht="source">בראשית כ״ח:י״ב</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' משה בן נחמן</a></multilink> שמציע שה' רצה ללמד את יעקב ששום דבר לא קורה עלי אדמות אלא על פי צו א-לוהי, וששלוחי הקב"ה פועלים רק לאחר התייעצות א-לוהית.</fn> See <a href="Yaakov's Dream" data-aht="page">חלום יעקב</a> for extended analysis.</p> | ||
</subcategory> | </subcategory> | ||
<subcategory>כמה מלאכים? | <subcategory>כמה מלאכים? | ||
− | <p>Both Murillo and Stella portray six angels, while the Sister Haggadah depicts only four. In Bereshit, no number is mentioned but <multilink><a href="BereshitRabbah68-14" data-aht="source">בראשית רבה</a><a href="BereshitRabbah68-14" data-aht="source">ס״ח:י״ד</a><a href="Bereshit Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">אודות בראשית רבה</a></multilink> reads into the plural form of the verbs "עֹלִים וְיֹרְדִים" that there were pairs of both ascending and descending angels. This leads the Midrash<fn> | + | <p>Both Murillo and Stella portray six angels, while the Sister Haggadah depicts only four. In Bereshit, no number is mentioned but <multilink><a href="BereshitRabbah68-14" data-aht="source">בראשית רבה</a><a href="BereshitRabbah68-14" data-aht="source">ס״ח:י״ד</a><a href="Bereshit Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">אודות בראשית רבה</a></multilink> reads into the plural form of the verbs "עֹלִים וְיֹרְדִים" that there were pairs of both ascending and descending angels. This leads the Midrash<fn>ראו <multilink><a href="BereshitRabbah68-14" data-aht="source">בראשית רבה</a><a href="BereshitRabbah68-14" data-aht="source">ס״ח:י״ד</a><a href="Bereshit Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">אודות בראשית רבה</a></multilink> לעיל, ובדומה ב<multilink><a href="TanchumaVayetze2" data-aht="source">תנחומא</a><a href="TanchumaVayetze2" data-aht="source">ויצא ב׳</a><a href="Tanchuma" data-aht="parshan">אודות התנחומא</a></multilink>.</fn> to the interpretation that the angels represented the four kingdoms which would subdue Israel, but then be conquered in turn. For elaboration, see <a href="Yaakov's Dream" data-aht="page">חלום יעקב</a>.</p> |
</subcategory> | </subcategory> | ||
<subcategory>"וְהִנֵּה סֻלָּם" | <subcategory>"וְהִנֵּה סֻלָּם" | ||
− | <p>In both the Sister Haggadah and Murillo's painting, a ladder figures prominently in the center of the composition. In Stella's painting, in contrast, the "סֻלָּם" appears as a shaft of light, forming a bridge between Hashem and Yaakov. Though most readers familiar with modern Hebrew translate the word "סֻלָּם" as ladder, in Biblical Hebrew the word is actually a hapax legomenon, appearing only in this story. It is likely derived from the root סלל (to lift or elevate), and it can thus sustain a number of meanings including not just a ladder but also a ramp or stairs.<fn> | + | <p>In both the Sister Haggadah and Murillo's painting, a ladder figures prominently in the center of the composition. In Stella's painting, in contrast, the "סֻלָּם" appears as a shaft of light, forming a bridge between Hashem and Yaakov. Though most readers familiar with modern Hebrew translate the word "סֻלָּם" as ladder, in Biblical Hebrew the word is actually a hapax legomenon, appearing only in this story. It is likely derived from the root סלל (to lift or elevate), and it can thus sustain a number of meanings including not just a ladder but also a ramp or stairs.<fn>אמנים רבים, למעשה, מציגים את הסולם כחדר מדרגות. ראו למשל את התיאור של וויליאם בלייק <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blake_jacobsladder.jpg">כאן</a>.</fn> The different depictions might also relate to the object's symbolism.<fn>לתיאור של מלאכים המעבירים ידע א-לוהי לבני אדם באמצעות סולם DNA סלילי כפול, ראו <a href="../../Media/1Bereshit/28/Yaakov's Dream in Art/Yaakov Ladder Glass - Gary Novetsky.jpg">"Scala Di Giacobbe"</a> ("סולם יעקב") מאת לוצ'יו בובאקו, עבודת זכוכית שהוזמנה על ידי ד"ר גארי וסנדי נובצקי.</fn> Is the "סֻלָּם" simply meant to represent a connection between heaven and earth, or is there some significance to climbing up and down, rung by rung?<fn>ראו רד"צ הופמן שמציע שמתלי הסולם מייצגים רמות של קיום מצוות; עם כל מצווה שנשמרת, אדם מתקרב אחד יותר קרוב לאלוהים ושלמות. לחלופין, ראו <multilink><a href="TanchumaVayetze2" data-aht="source">תנחומא</a><a href="TanchumaVayetze2" data-aht="source">ויצא ב׳</a><a href="Tanchuma" data-aht="parshan">אודות התנחומא</a></multilink> המפרש שיעקב רואה בחלומו סולם של היסטוריה, בו המתלות מייצגות שנים של השתעבדות או שנים של שלטון.</fn></p> |
</subcategory> | </subcategory> | ||
<subcategory>"כִּי בְמַקְלִי" | <subcategory>"כִּי בְמַקְלִי" | ||
− | <p>Murillo depicts Yaakov lying on the floor with nothing more than a staff and small bundle by his side. Similarly, in the Sister Haggadah, Yaakov has no possessions other than the clothes on his back. In Stella's image, in contrast, several sheep graze by Yaakov's feet. Did Yaakov leave home empty-handed, or did he set out with a herd of sheep or other possessions?<fn> | + | <p>Murillo depicts Yaakov lying on the floor with nothing more than a staff and small bundle by his side. Similarly, in the Sister Haggadah, Yaakov has no possessions other than the clothes on his back. In Stella's image, in contrast, several sheep graze by Yaakov's feet. Did Yaakov leave home empty-handed, or did he set out with a herd of sheep or other possessions?<fn>מספר פסוקים מרמזים לאפשרות הראשונה. במחצית השנייה של סיפורנו יעקב מבקש שה' ישמור עליו ויספק לו אוכל ובגדים, ובהמשך (בראשית ל"ב:י"א) יעקב מתפלל אל ה': "בְמַקְלִי עָבַרְתִּי אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּן". אולם המדרש מציע שיעקב עזב את ביתו עם הרבה רכוש, אך רכושו נשדד ממנו בדרכו על ידי עשו או בנו אליפז (ראו <multilink><a href="BereshitRabbah68-2" data-aht="source">בראשית רבה</a><a href="BereshitRabbah68-2" data-aht="source">ס״ח:ב׳</a><a href="Bereshit Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">אודות בראשית רבה</a></multilink> ו<multilink><a href="AggadahBereshit28-20" data-aht="source">מדרש אגדה (בובר)</a><a href="AggadahBereshit28-20" data-aht="source">בראשית כ״ח:כ׳</a><a href="Midrash Aggadah (Buber)" data-aht="parshan">אודות מדרש אגדה (בובר)</a></multilink>).</fn> This question relates to the dual nature of Yaakov's departure from home. On one hand, he left as a fugitive, fleeing Esav's wrath, and likely might not have had time to gather supplies. On the other hand, he was also sent by his father to find a wife, and one would have expected him to bring along gifts as a dowry.<fn>השוו לאברהם ששלח את עבדו למצוא אישה ליצחק בליווי עשרה גמלים עמוסים מכל טוב.</fn> A second related factor might be the family's economic status. Was Yitzchak wealthy like Avraham, or was he perhaps much poorer and simply could not afford to send his son off with many presents?<fn>ראו <multilink><a href="IbnEzraBereshit25-34" data-aht="source">אבן עזרא</a><a href="IbnEzraBereshit25-34" data-aht="source">בראשית פירוש ראשון כ״ה:ל״ד</a><a href="R. Avraham ibn Ezra" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' אברהם אבן עזרא</a></multilink> שמציע כי יצחק היה עני. הוא מציע שזה יסביר לא רק מדוע יעקב עזב בידיים ריקות אלא גם את הסיבה שעשו זלזל בבכורה.</fn> For more, see <a href="Sale of the Birthright – A Fair Deal" data-aht="page">מכירת הבכורה</a>.</p> |
</subcategory> | </subcategory> | ||
<subcategory>אבן אחת או רבות? | <subcategory>אבן אחת או רבות? | ||
− | <p>In the Sister Haggadah and Stella's painting, the rock upon which Yaakov rested his head is not visible.<fn> | + | <p>In the Sister Haggadah and Stella's painting, the rock upon which Yaakov rested his head is not visible.<fn>בדמותו של סטלה הוא ככל הנראה נמצא תחת גלימתו של יעקב.</fn> In Murillo's image, in contrast, there are three stones near Yaakov's head. The simple reading of the text suggests that Yaakov chose just one stone from many to act as a pillow. The shift from the plural language of "וַיִּקַּח מֵאַבְנֵי הַמָּקוֹם" to the singular form of "וַיִּקַּח אֶת הָאֶבֶן" when Yaakov awakens, though, leads the Midrash to suggest that there were a number of rocks selected which then united into one. Suggestions vary as to the specific number chosen with two, three, four and twelve all being options.<fn>ראו <multilink><a href="BereshitRabbah68-11" data-aht="source">בראשית רבה</a><a href="BereshitRabbah68-11" data-aht="source">ס״ח:י״א</a><a href="Bereshit Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">אודות בראשית רבה</a></multilink> ו<multilink><a href="YalkutShimoni899" data-aht="source">ילקוט שמעוני</a><a href="YalkutShimoni899" data-aht="source">איוב תתצ״ט</a><a href="Yalkut Shimoni" data-aht="parshan">אודות ילקוט שמעוני</a></multilink>. מספרים אלה נבחרו בגלל הערך הסמלי שלהם, המייצגים את שני אבותיו של יעקב, שלושת האבות, ארבע נשותיו של יעקב, או שנים-עשר השבטים.</fn></p> |
</subcategory> | </subcategory> | ||
</category> | </category> |
Version as of 21:42, 31 July 2019
חלום יעקב באמנות
הקדמה
The three artworks discussed here, Bartolomé Murillo's Jacob's Dream (1665),1 the miniature from the Sister Haggadah,2 and Jacques Stella's Jacob's Ladder (1650),3 all depict the סצנת הפתיחה של פרשת ויצא, חלום יעקב בבית אל. Though each depiction contains similar components (a sleeping Yaakov, "סֻלָּם", ומלאכים), the varying details included by each artist suggest different interpretations of what Yaakov actually saw in his dream and the meaning of this vision.
השוואת התמונות
Murillo
Murillo sets the scene in a dark wooded landscape. In the center of the composition, light breaks through the clouds and illuminates the ladder and its angels. The cherubs are clothed in pastel colored robes and appear carefree and peaceful as they climb up and down. The two angels on the lower rungs of the ladder look towards Yaakov who is asleep on the floor, with his shepherd's staff and satchel at his side.
Sister Haggadah
This image is a more simplistic rendering of the subject, with fewer figures and a barer background. The ladder crosses the composition on a diagonal, extending from Yaakov in the bottom left corner to two visages that peer through a stylized cloud at the top right.4 One angel ascends the ladder while three surround Yaakov on the floor. One of these sits at Yaakov's feet, while another stands behind him, supporting him as he reclines.
Stella
Stella's painting elicits a somewhat haunted sensation, as the scene is set against a gray backdrop, broken by lightning-like streaks of yellow. A golden beam lined with angels connects God in the top left of the image to the sleeping Yaakov on the bottom right. Several sheep graze at Yaakov's feet, and, in the distance, a city seems to float in the air.
יחס לטקסט המקראי
בחירותיהם של האמנים מעידות על ערפול מסויים בטקסט המקראי, ומהוות דרכים שונות לפרש את הפסוקים:
מעשי המלאכים
In Stella's painting, the angels descend the ladder in pairs and seem to converse with each other, taking no notice of Yaakov. In the Sister Haggadah, in contrast, some of the angels are not on the ladder at all but rather hover over the figure of Yaakov on the floor. Murillo's image charts a middle course. While most of his angels are simply climbing the ladder oblivious to Yaakov, one of the angels at the bottom appears to be bidding him farewell while another seems to be about to greet him.
These differences relate to an unknown in the Biblical text. Though the reader is told that the angels were going up and down the ladder, the text does not elaborate any further about their accompanying actions, nor about the significance of their movements. This leaves the meaning of the vision ambiguous. Did the angels symbolize a protective guard for Yaakov?5 Did they form some sort of receiving line in advance of Yaakov's entering into a discussion with God? Or, did Hashem simply want Yaakov to see His messengers discussing their respective tasks?6 See חלום יעקב for extended analysis.
כמה מלאכים?
Both Murillo and Stella portray six angels, while the Sister Haggadah depicts only four. In Bereshit, no number is mentioned but בראשית רבה reads into the plural form of the verbs "עֹלִים וְיֹרְדִים" that there were pairs of both ascending and descending angels. This leads the Midrash7 to the interpretation that the angels represented the four kingdoms which would subdue Israel, but then be conquered in turn. For elaboration, see חלום יעקב.
"וְהִנֵּה סֻלָּם"
In both the Sister Haggadah and Murillo's painting, a ladder figures prominently in the center of the composition. In Stella's painting, in contrast, the "סֻלָּם" appears as a shaft of light, forming a bridge between Hashem and Yaakov. Though most readers familiar with modern Hebrew translate the word "סֻלָּם" as ladder, in Biblical Hebrew the word is actually a hapax legomenon, appearing only in this story. It is likely derived from the root סלל (to lift or elevate), and it can thus sustain a number of meanings including not just a ladder but also a ramp or stairs.8 The different depictions might also relate to the object's symbolism.9 Is the "סֻלָּם" simply meant to represent a connection between heaven and earth, or is there some significance to climbing up and down, rung by rung?10
"כִּי בְמַקְלִי"
Murillo depicts Yaakov lying on the floor with nothing more than a staff and small bundle by his side. Similarly, in the Sister Haggadah, Yaakov has no possessions other than the clothes on his back. In Stella's image, in contrast, several sheep graze by Yaakov's feet. Did Yaakov leave home empty-handed, or did he set out with a herd of sheep or other possessions?11 This question relates to the dual nature of Yaakov's departure from home. On one hand, he left as a fugitive, fleeing Esav's wrath, and likely might not have had time to gather supplies. On the other hand, he was also sent by his father to find a wife, and one would have expected him to bring along gifts as a dowry.12 A second related factor might be the family's economic status. Was Yitzchak wealthy like Avraham, or was he perhaps much poorer and simply could not afford to send his son off with many presents?13 For more, see מכירת הבכורה.
אבן אחת או רבות?
In the Sister Haggadah and Stella's painting, the rock upon which Yaakov rested his head is not visible.14 In Murillo's image, in contrast, there are three stones near Yaakov's head. The simple reading of the text suggests that Yaakov chose just one stone from many to act as a pillow. The shift from the plural language of "וַיִּקַּח מֵאַבְנֵי הַמָּקוֹם" to the singular form of "וַיִּקַּח אֶת הָאֶבֶן" when Yaakov awakens, though, leads the Midrash to suggest that there were a number of rocks selected which then united into one. Suggestions vary as to the specific number chosen with two, three, four and twelve all being options.15