Yaakov's Parting Words to Shimon and Levi/2

From AlHaTorah.org
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Shimon and Levi – Blessed or Cursed?

Exegetical Approaches

This topic has not yet undergone editorial review

Slaughter of Shekhem

Yaakov's words to Shimon and Levi reference their slaughter of Shekhem and express  his anger at the deed.

Yaakov's blessings: on the past or future? These sources read Yaakov's blessings as a whole as referring to future events and being directed at the future tribes rather than Yaakov's individual sons. Nonetheless, with regards to Yaakov's words to Shimon and Levi, they assume that he is addressing them specifically and references the past event of the slaughter of Shekhem.  It is possible, though, that he does so only in order to explain why their future tribes are later dispersed1 and neither is granted kingship.2
"כְּלֵי חָמָס מְכֵרֹתֵיהֶם" – According to most of these commentators, the word "מְכֵרֹתֵיהֶם" means "their abode" () or "origins".  As evidence, Ibn Ezra points to the root's usage in the phrase "מְכֹרֹתַיִךְ וּמֹלְדֹתַיִךְ" (Yechezel 16:3).3
  • According to R. Avraham b. HaRambam and Ramban, Yaakov is saying that the brothers' origins (and, thus, the whole fabric of their lives) lie in acts of violence, (as demonstrated in Shekhem).
  • Ibn Ezra and Radak, in contrast, assert that Yaakov tells the brothers that their attack was unjust (חָמָס), since the Shekhemites were living with them in the land (מְכֵרֹתֵיהֶם[ב‎]).  In other words, since they had made a covenant with the Shekhemites to live together peacefully and share the land,4 their later slaughter was deceitful and wicked.5
"בְּסֹדָם אַל תָּבֹא נַפְשִׁי בִּקְהָלָם אַל תֵּחַד כְּבֹדִי" – These sources divide regarding whether Yaakov's words refer to the past or future:
  • Past - Most of these sources read this verse as if it were written in the past tense. Yaakov makes clear that he had not been part of either the brothers' secret scheme or its execution.
  • Future - R. Hirsch, in contrast, asserts that Yaakov is saying that due to the extremity of their deeds, Shimon and Levi's plots and gatherings will never represent or determine the will and honor of the nation.  [R. Hirsch reads "נַפְשִׁי" and "כְּבֹדִי" to refer tot he soul and honor of Israel, the nation, and not Yaakov personally.]
"כִּי בְאַפָּם הָרְגוּ אִישׁ" – The word "איש" can refer either to the individual Shekhem, or to the people of the city as a whole.
"וּבִרְצֹנָם עִקְּרוּ שׁוֹר" – These sources offer three possible explanations of the word "שׁוֹר":
  • Ox – Yaakov is referring to the oxen which were taken from the city as booty and hamstrung.6
  • Wall – The word "שׁוֹר"  is understood as if written "שׁוּר", and means wall.7 Yaakov is speaking of the walls of the city which the brothers destroyed.8
  • Leader – The word is a metaphor for a strong individual, and thus can refer to either Shekhem or Hamor, whom the brothers killed.9
"אָרוּר אַפָּם כִּי עָז" – Blessing or curse? Most of these sources suggest that Yaakov stopped short of actually cursing the brothers:
  • According to Radak and Ibn Ezra, Yaakov's words "ארור אפם" constitute a prayer that Shimon and Levi's anger be diminished.10
  • R. Avraham b. HaRambam and R. Hirsch, instead, stress that Yaakov cursed the brothers' extreme anger and violence, but not the brothers themselves.
אֲחַלְּקֵם בְּיַעֲקֹב וַאֲפִיצֵם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל
Yaakov's evaluation of the slaughter – This approach suggests that Yaakov's words here are proof that when he rebuked the brothers after the killing, "עֲכַרְתֶּם אֹתִי לְהַבְאִישֵׁנִי בְּיֹשֵׁב הָאָרֶץ" (Bereshit 34:30), he was upset not only about the repercussions of their deeds but also about the immorality of their actions.11
Hashem's evaluation of the slaughter – Ibn Ezra, R. Avraham b. HaRambam and Radak all assert that Yaakov's words were said via prophecy. As such, his rebuke does not represent his own opinion, but that of Hashem.12  The Testament of Yaakov, in contrast, suggests that Yaakov's negative evaluation is his alone, and that Hashem was on the brothers' side.
No mention of sale of Yosef – This position might suggest that Yaakov made no allusion to Shimon and Levi's role in the sale of Yosef because Yaakov was totally unaware of the sale.  He likely thought that the brothers had truly believed that Yosef had been killed by a wild animal and that they were just as surprised to find him alive as he was.  As nothing would be gained by revealing the truth to their father, the brothers kept him in the dark even after reuniting with Yosef.13

Attempt to Kill Yosef

Yaakov's blessings: on the past or future?
"כְּלֵי חָמָס מְכֵרֹתֵיהֶם" – Or HaChayyim suggests that "מְכֵרֹתֵיהֶם" comes from the root "מכר", to sell, and that Yaakov rebuked the brothers that their transaction was unjust and marked by "חמס".
"כִּי בְאַפָּם הָרְגוּ אִישׁ" – These sources assert that the phrase refers to the attempt to kill Yosef, and that (though not stated) Shimon and Levi were the ones who suggested, "וְעַתָּה לְכוּ וְנַהַרְגֵהוּ".‎15 Though the brothers did not end up killing Yosef, the verse attributes the action to them because they desired to kill him and even acted upon it when they threw him into the pit.
"וּבִרְצֹנָם עִקְּרוּ שׁוֹר" – These sources suggest that the word "שׁוֹר" refers to Yosef, as later, in Moshe's blessing in Devarim , he is referred to as "בְּכוֹר שׁוֹרוֹ הָדָר לוֹ".  Thus, in these words, too, Yaakov alludes to Yosef's being thrown into the pit to die.
Awareness of the story of the sale – This approach assumes that Yaakov was somehow aware the brothers' plot to kill Yosef and his sale. It is not clear, though, who would have revealed the story to Yaakov or when.
"בְּסֹדָם אַל תָּבֹא נַפְשִׁי בִּקְהָלָם אַל תֵּחַד כְּבֹדִי" – Or HaChayyim understands this verse as if it were written in the past tense. Yaakov is emphasizing that he played no role in either the brothers' secret hatred nor in their gathering together to plot against Yosef. However, given Yaakov's obvious love of Yosef, and the borthers' knowledge that Yaakov played no part, such a declaration would seem unnecessary. It is possible, though, that these words are aimed more at Yosef than Shimon and Levi, who might have always wondered whether, when Yaakov had sent him to check on his brothers so many years before, he had done so knowing what would happen.16  Alternatively, Yaakov is telling his children that they cannot blame their actions on his favoritism and blame the ensuing jealousy in him; they are responsible for their own actions.
"אָרוּר אַפָּם כִּי עָז" – Blessing or curse?
No mention of Shekhem – According to this approach, Yaakov's rebuke did not focus on the slaughter of Shekhem, because he did not find the brothers morally at fault for the killings. When he said "" after the city's decimation, he was worried only about the potential repercussions of the deed, not whether it was justified.

Angry & Violent Nature

Combination