Yaakov's Parting Words to Shimon and Levi/2

Yaakov's Parting Words to Shimon and Levi

Exegetical Approaches

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Slaughter of Shekhem

Yaakov's words to Shimon and Levi reference their slaughter of Shekhem and express  his anger at the deed.

Sources:Testament of LeviLevi 6About Testaments of the Patriarchs, Ibn EzraBereshit First Commentary 49:5-7Bereshit Third Commentary 49:5-7About R. Avraham ibn Ezra, R. Yosef Kimchi,  RadakBereshit 49:5-7About R. David Kimchi, R. Avraham b. HaRambamBereshit 49:5-8About R. Avraham Maimonides, RambanBereshit 49:5About R. Moshe b. Nachman, R. HirschBereshit 49:5-7About R. Samson Raphael Hirsch

Yaakov's blessings: on the past or future? These sources read Yaakov's blessings as a whole as referring to future events and being directed at the future tribes rather than Yaakov's individual sons. Nonetheless, with regards to this blessing, they assume that Yaakov is addressing Shimon and Levi specifically and referencing a past event, rather than foretelling the future.  It is possible, though, that Yaakov does so only in order to explain why the brothers' future tribes are later dispersed¹ and neither is granted kingship.²

"כְּלֵי חָמָס מְכֵרֹתֵיהֶם" – According to most of these commentators, the word "מְכֵרֹתֵיהֶם" means "their abode" (מגורותיהם) or "origins".  As evidence, Ibn Ezra points to the root's usage in the phrase "מְכֹרֹתַיִךְ וּמֹלְדֹתַיִךְ" (Yechezel 16:3).³

• According to R. Avraham b. HaRambam and Ramban, Yaakov is saying that the brothers' origins (and, thus, the whole fabric of their lives) lie in acts of violence, (as demonstrated in Shekhem).
• Ibn Ezra and Radak, in contrast, assert that Yaakov tells the brothers that their attack was unjust (חָמָס), specifically because the Shekhemites were living with them in the land (מְכֵרֹתֵיהֶם[ב‎]).  In other words, since they had made a covenant with the Shekhemites to live together peacefully and share the land,⁴ their later slaughter was deceitful and wicked.⁵

"בְּסֹדָם אַל תָּבֹא נַפְשִׁי בִּקְהָלָם אַל תֵּחַד כְּבֹדִי" – These sources divide regarding whether Yaakov's words refer to the past or future:

• Past - Most of these sources read this verse as if it were written in the past tense. Yaakov makes clear that he had not been part of either the brothers' secret scheme or its execution.
• Future - R. Hirsch, in contrast, asserts that Yaakov is saying that due to the extremity of their deeds, Shimon and Levi's plots and gatherings will never represent or determine the will and honor of the nation.  [R. Hirsch reads "נַפְשִׁי" and "כְּבֹדִי" to refer to the soul and honor of Israel, the nation, and not Yaakov, the individual.]

"כִּי בְאַפָּם הָרְגוּ אִישׁ" – The word "איש" can refer either to the individual Shekhem, or to the people of the city as a whole.

"וּבִרְצֹנָם עִקְּרוּ שׁוֹר" – These sources offer three possible explanations of the word "שׁוֹר":

• Ox – Yaakov is referring to the oxen which were taken from Shekehem as booty and hamstrung.⁶
• Wall – The word "שׁוֹר"  is understood as if written "שׁוּר", and means wall.⁷ Yaakov is speaking of the walls of the city which the brothers destroyed.⁸
• Leader – The word is a metaphor for a strong individual, and thus can refer to either Shekhem or Hamor, whom the brothers killed.⁹

"אָרוּר אַפָּם כִּי עָז" – Blessing or curse? Most of these sources suggest that Yaakov stopped short of actually cursing the brothers:

• According to Radak and Ibn Ezra, Yaakov's words "ארור אפם" constitute a prayer that Shimon and Levi's anger be diminished.¹⁰
• R. Avraham b. HaRambam and R. Hirsch, instead, stress that Yaakov cursed the brothers' extreme anger and violence, but not the brothers themselves.

אֲחַלְּקֵם בְּיַעֲקֹב וַאֲפִיצֵם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל

Yaakov's evaluation of the slaughter – This approach suggests that Yaakov's words here are proof that when he rebuked the brothers after the killing, "עֲכַרְתֶּם אֹתִי לְהַבְאִישֵׁנִי בְּיֹשֵׁב הָאָרֶץ" (Bereshit 34:30), he was upset not only about the repercussions of their deeds but also about the immorality of their actions.¹¹

Hashem's evaluation of the slaughter – Ibn Ezra, R. Avraham b. HaRambam and Radak all assert that Yaakov's words were said via prophecy. As such, his rebuke does not represent his own opinion, but that of Hashem.¹²  The Testament of Yaakov, in contrast, suggests that Yaakov's negative evaluation is his alone, and that Hashem was on the brothers' side.

No mention of sale of Yosef – This position might suggest that Yaakov made no allusion to Shimon and Levi's role in the sale of Yosef because Yaakov was totally unaware of the sale.  He likely thought that the brothers had truly believed that Yosef had been killed by a wild animal and that they were just as surprised to find him alive as he was.  As nothing would be gained by revealing the truth to their father, the brothers kept him in the dark even after reuniting with Yosef.¹³

Attempt to Kill Yosef

Sources:R. Moshe AlshikhBereshit 49:5About R. Moshe Alshikh, Or HaChayyimBereshit 49:5-7About R. Chayyim b. Atar¹⁴

Yaakov's blessings: on the past or future?

"כְּלֵי חָמָס מְכֵרֹתֵיהֶם" – Or HaChayyim suggests that "מְכֵרֹתֵיהֶם" comes from the root "מכר", to sell, and that Yaakov rebuked the brothers that their transaction was unjust and marked by "חמס".

"כִּי בְאַפָּם הָרְגוּ אִישׁ" – These sources assert that the phrase refers to the attempt to kill Yosef, and that (though not stated) Shimon and Levi were the ones who suggested, "וְעַתָּה לְכוּ וְנַהַרְגֵהוּ".‎¹⁵ Though the brothers did not end up killing Yosef, the verse attributes the action to them because they desired to kill him and even acted upon it when they threw him into the pit.

"וּבִרְצֹנָם עִקְּרוּ שׁוֹר" – These sources suggest that the word "שׁוֹר" refers to Yosef, as later, in Moshe's blessing in Devarim , he is referred to as "בְּכוֹר שׁוֹרוֹ הָדָר לוֹ".  Thus, in these words, too, Yaakov alludes to Yosef's being thrown into the pit to die.

Awareness of the story of the sale – This approach assumes that Yaakov was somehow aware the brothers' plot to kill Yosef and his sale. It is not clear, though, who would have revealed the story to Yaakov or when.

"בְּסֹדָם אַל תָּבֹא נַפְשִׁי בִּקְהָלָם אַל תֵּחַד כְּבֹדִי" – Or HaChayyim understands this verse as if it were written in the past tense. Yaakov is emphasizing that he played no role in either the brothers' secret hatred nor in their gathering together to plot against Yosef. However, given Yaakov's obvious love of Yosef, and the brothers' knowledge that Yaakov played no part, such a declaration would seem unnecessary. It is possible, though, that these words are aimed more at Yosef than Shimon and Levi,¹⁶ who might have always wondered whether, when Yaakov had sent him to check on his brothers so many years before, he had done so knowing what would happen.¹⁷ 

"אָרוּר אַפָּם כִּי עָז" – Blessing or curse?

No mention of Shekhem – According to this approach, Yaakov's rebuke did not focus on the slaughter of Shekhem, because he did not find the brothers morally at fault for the killings. When he said "עֲכַרְתֶּם אֹתִי לְהַבְאִישֵׁנִי בְּיֹשֵׁב הָאָרֶץ" after the city's decimation, he was worried only about the potential reaction of surrounding nations to the deed, not whether it was justified.

Angry & Violent Nature

Worthy of Censure

Sources:R. Yosef Bekhor ShorBereshit 49:5-7About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor

Blessings - on the past or future – According to R"Y Bekhor Shor, much of Yaakov's final address to his sons relates to their roles and fate during the Monarchic period. He opens his words, though, by telling Reuven, Shimon and Levi why they did not merit to rule.

"כְּלֵי חָמָס מְכֵרֹתֵיהֶם" – R"Y Bekhor Shor asserts that is related to the root "מכר". Yaakov tells the brothers that their acquaintanceship is a weapon of violence.  R" Y Bekhor Shor is somewhat ambiguous. He might be suggesting that the common denominator between the brothers is their quick temper. Alternatively he is suggesting that the friendship between the brothers was prone to lead to violence due to the hot-hotheadedness of each.¹⁸

"בְּסֹדָם אַל תָּבֹא נַפְשִׁי בִּקְהָלָם אַל תֵּחַד כְּבֹדִי" – According to R"Y Bekhor Shor, when Yaakov says "נַפְשִׁי" and "כְּבֹדִי" he is not referring to himself, but to his descendants,  Yaakov expresses that he has no desire that his other sons be a part of Shimon and Levi's secret machinations, or be led by them, since their wrath is likely to lead to evil.

כִּי בְאַפָּם הָרְגוּ אִישׁ וּבִרְצֹנָם עִקְּרוּ שׁוֹר – This verse is not referring to any specific deed, but the brothers' general  tendency to kill in their anger, and to hamstring oxen even when not angry (בִרְצֹנָם).

Blessing or curse – R"Y Bekhor Shor understand Yaakov's words as a condemnation of the brothers anger, which led them to lose out on kingship.  They are dispersed among Israel so as to be separated from one another, preventing them from consulting together in their anger.

No mention of Shekhem

No mention of Yosef

Worthy of Praise

Sources:R. Yehuda HeChasidBereshit 49:5About R. Yehuda HeChasid

Combination

Sources:TanchumaVayechi 9-10About the Tanchuma, Tanchuma (Buber)Vayechi 12About the Tanchuma, Targum YerushalmiBereshit 49:5-7About Targum Yerushalmi, RashiBereshit 49:5-7About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki, Abarbanel

¹ R. Avraham b. HaRambam and Radak explain that most of Yaakov's blessings refer to the Era of the Conquest and the inheritance of the land.  Yaakov's statement to Shimon and Levi, "אֲחַלְּקֵם בְּיַעֲקֹב וַאֲפִיצֵם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל" reefers to this era as well.  Yaakov simply prefaces the prophecy by explaining why they are to inherit in such a manner.

² See R. Hirsch who makes this last point, and see R"Y Bekhor Shor who says so even more explicitly, "{עד} עתה פירש למה לא הייתה הממשלה לראובן, ועתה מפרש למה לא נתנה ללוי או לשמעון שהיו גדולים אחריו".

³ R. Avraham b. HaRambam and Ramban raise this as one possibility as well, but explain that the phrase means that the brothers' entire life was predicated on blood and war.

⁴ See Shekehm's offer, "וְאִתָּנוּ תֵּשֵׁבוּ וְהָאָרֶץ תִּהְיֶה לִפְנֵיכֶם שְׁבוּ וּסְחָרוּהָ וְהֵאָחֲזוּ בָּהּ".

⁵ In one of the possibilities brought by R. Avraham b. HaRambam, he offers a similar understanding of the verse as a whole, but works off a different definition of the word "מְכֵרֹתֵיהֶם".  He suggests that the word means "negotiations" (perhaps from the root "מכר" to sell) and that Yaakov is saying that the brothers' covenant and negotiations with Shekhem were all based on "כלי חמס" and their desire for battle.  R. Hirsch, too, reaches a similar understanding of the verse.  He suggests that the root "מכר" refers to an attempt to achieve or acquire something.  Shimon and Levi's methods in so doing were "כלי חמס", as they pretended to negotiate a dowry and reach a friendly agreement, when really plotting a violent slaughter.

⁶ See the first possibility in each of Radak and R. Avraham b. HaRambam.

⁷ See the word's usage in Bereshit 49:22, "בָּנוֹת צָעֲדָה עֲלֵי שׁוּר".

⁸ See Ibn Ezra and Radak following Targum Onkelos.

⁹ See Radak in the name of R. Yaakov b. Elazar and the second possibility in R. Avraham b. HaRambam.  One might compares this to the elite of Shomeron being referred to as "פָּרוֹת הַבָּשָׁן" (Amos 4:1) or the heads of Moav being labelled "אֵילֵי מוֹאָב " (Shemot 15:15). R. Hirsch similarly explains that the word שור means "power."  According to him, the verse is saying that by pretending to act with good will (ברצונם), the brothers managed to uproot the power (עקרו שור) of Shekehm and Hamor, enabling them, in their anger, to kill the two.

¹⁰ They point out that if a blessing means abundance or additional good, then a curse is a lessening of something.

¹¹ The various commentators don't agree totally on the extent of the brothers' wrong-doing, nor regarding which if their deeds were most problematic (the trickery or the extent of the slaughter). Radak claims that Yaakov felt that the brothers were unjustified in killing the entire city, as Shekhem alone had sinned. R. Hirsch agrees, but simultaneously emphasizes that Shimon and Levi's motives were pure and positive. Ramban adds that the brothers should not have broken their promise after the Shekhemites kept their side of the bargain, for it was possible that they were sincere and would return to Hashem. For elaboration, see Sin and Slaughter of Shekhem.

¹² However, even if one posits that Yaakov is expressing only his own feelings, one might still suggest that in giving the last say to Yaakov, the Torah expresses its negative evaluation of the deed and agreement with Yaakov's rebuke. See R. D"Z Hoffmann who writes, "בגזר דינו של יעקב גוזרת התורה את דינה על מעשה זה".

¹³ It is also possible that these sources assume that even if Yaakov knew of the sale, he might not have though Shimon and Levi were any more culpable than anyone else, as there is no evidence in the verses that they played a significant role in the plotting.

¹⁴ The Or HaChayyim explains most of the verses as relating to the attempt to kill and sell Yosef, though in his comments on the opening of verse 5 he alludes to the slaughter of Shekhem as well.

¹⁵ Tanchuma explains that since Reuven and Yehuda acted to prevent Yosef from being killed, they could not have been the ones to suggest the murder initially, leaving the next two oldest brothers, Shimon and Levi, as the most likely candidates.

¹⁶ Alternatively, Yaakov is telling Shimon and Levi that they cannot blame their actions on his show of favoritism; ultimately they are responsible for their own actions.

¹⁷ See Yosef's Treatment of his Family for an opinion that Yosef originally thought his father had a hand in the sale and wanted to punish him for his dreams of grandeur.

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