Yiftach's Vow/2
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Yiftach's Vow
Exegetical Approaches
Sanctified His Daughter
Yiftach did not offer his daughter as a sacrifice but rather consecrated her life to service of Hashem.
"וְהָיָה לַי"י וְהַעֲלִיתִיהוּ עֹלָה" – According to these commentators, the וי"ו of the word "וְהַעֲלִיתִיהוּ" is a disjunctive and means "or" rather than "and."1 As such, Yiftach's vow "וְהָיָה לַי"י וְהַעֲלִיתִיהוּ עֹלָה" comprised two possibilities. Depending on what was to exit his house, he swore either to sanctify it to Hashem, or to offer it as a sacrifice.2
"וְהָיָה לַי"י" – what does this include? According to these sources, Yiftach's daughter was to remain celibate and never marry,3 and moreover, live in seclusion from the rest of society.4 Ibn Ezra adds that she was to spend her days in prayer and thanksgiving to Hashem.
"וַיַּעַשׂ לָהּ אֶת נִדְרוֹ אֲשֶׁר נָדָר" – Radak notes that the verse does not say that Yiftach sacrificed his daughter but rather that he kept his vow ("וַיַּעַשׂ לָהּ אֶת נִדְרוֹ אֲשֶׁר נָדָר"), allowing for the possibility that she was simply sanctified.
"וַתֵּבְךְּ עַל בְּתוּלֶיהָ" – According to this approach it is logical that Yiftach's daughter cried about her virginity as that was a direct consequence of the vow. R"Y Kimchi points out that had she been going to her death, she would have cried about the loss of her life, a much greater sorrow.
"לְתַנּוֹת לְבַת יִפְתָּח" – Ralbag explains that since Yiftach's daughter was forced to lived in seclusion the whole year round, four days a year were set aside for women to visit and comfort her. According to Abarbanel, even during that time the women did not actually see each other, but only conversed and lamented together. Ramban, though, attacks this reading questioning how it could possibly be set as custom that people mourn someone's devoting themselves to worship of Hashem!
Hashem's Evaluation of Yiftach's actions – No where does the text criticize Yiftach for his vow, implying that there was nothing wrong with it, as this reading suggests.
Why was Yiftach upset?
Portrait of Yiftach – According to this position, Yiftach is a positive character who would never commit child sacrifice. He does not act impulsively, but thinks before speaking. Throughout the chapter, Ralbag consistently attempts to view Yiftach in a similarly positive light. Thus, for example, he claims that the phrase "בֶּן אִשָּׁה זוֹנָה" does not mean that YIftach was the son of a whore, but that this was an epithet given to his mother by her angry tribesmen after she married into a different tribe. 5
Spiritual level of the nation
Purpose of the story
Cultural influences
Sacrificed His Daughter
Yiftach gave his daughter as a sacrifice to Hashem. This position subdivides regarding whether Yiftach originally thought that a human might be the object of his vow or not:
Mistaken Outcome
When Yiftach made his vow, he did not think of the possibility that it would be a human who would emerge from his house and assumed that he was vowing to offer an animal sacrifice to Hashem.
"וְהָיָה לַי"י וְהַעֲלִיתִיהוּ עֹלָה" – According to these sources these two phrases refer to the same deed. The words "וְהַעֲלִיתִיהוּ עֹלָה" explain what is meant by the term "וְהָיָה לַי"י"; being for Hashem means being offered as a sacrifice.
"הָיָה הַיּוֹצֵא אֲשֶׁר יֵצֵא מִדַּלְתֵי בֵיתִי" – According to most of these sources, Yiftach simply did not think before he spoke. He formulated his vow in general terms so that it was all inclusive, not thinking of the possibility that either a non-kosher animal or a human might come out of his house. Therefore he was punished that his daughter came out to greet him.
"וַתֵּבְךְּ עַל בְּתוּלֶיהָ"
"לְתַנּוֹת לְבַת יִפְתָּח"
Evaluation of Yiftach's action – This approach obviously views it as a negative act. They understand that Yiftach's punishment for making such a vow without taking into account that maybe a non-Kosher animal will come out, was in itself that his daughter came out.
Spiritual level of the nation – Seder Eliyahu Rabbah says that the whole nation's spiritual level was low, and Yiftach as a leader belonged in that category.
Annulling the vow – Bereshit Rabbah and Tanchuma write that Pinchas could have annulled Yiftach's vow, and he would have brought a sacrifice from cattle instead of his daughter. Though because of a power game, both Yiftach and Pinchas refused to go to each other in order to nullify the vow, so his daughter was sacrificed.6
Purpose of the story
Intentional Outcome
Yiftach made his vow with full knowledge that a human might be the one to exit his home, and with full intentions of sacrificing him/her if that were the case.
Yiftach's plan – According to this approach, Yiftach's original vow was to sacrifice a human. It's unclear, however, why Yiftach seems surprised about the fact that his daughter came out. Who else was he thinking will greet him if she was his only child?
"וְהָיָה לַי"י וְהַעֲלִיתִיהוּ עֹלָה" – These words mean literally to sacrifice to Hashem. Hoil Moshe explains the fact the verse doesn't say explicitly she was sacrificed rather "וַיַּעַשׂ לָהּ אֶת נִדְרוֹ אֲשֶׁר נָדָר", because it is a cruel and distressing act. He notes that in the Ancient Near East many people would vow such things especially when they were in battles or in a case of misfortune.
"וַתֵּבְךְּ עַל בְּתוּלֶיהָ" – Hoil Moshe reads that Yiftach's daughter asked for two months to cry that she did not have a chance to bear children and be a mother.
"לְתַנּוֹת לְבַת יִפְתָּח" – The young virgins would go to the grave of Yiftach's daughter to cry on it, because she didn't have any children to cry on her grave.
Evaluation of Yiftach's action – It is surprising that the verses don't note not to follow Yiftach's action, which seems to outright contradict the prohibition of killing and giving one's seed to Molekh.
Spiritual level of the nation
Annulling the vow – Yiftach had no desire to annul the vow, as he realized when he vowed it, that most chances are she will come out.
Purpose of the story – The story comes to teach us the low level of the nation, that even their leader brought a human sacrifice and murdered his daughter.
