Battles with Sichon and Og in Bemidbar and Devarim/0

Battles with Sichon and Og in Bemidbar and Devarim

Open Comparison Table

Introduction

The description of the conquest and inheritance of the lands of Sichon and Og is found in both Bemidbar 21 and 32 and Devarim 2-3. Moshe's retelling in Devarim overlaps significantly with the original account in Bemidbar. However, in contrast to most of the other stories in Sefer Devarim which are shorter than the original, here there are numerous additions.¹ By examining these, the reader may gain insight into the unique message Moshe intended to impart in his recounting of the story. For a full comparison of the two accounts, open the comparison table and expand to full screen. For a summary of the differences, see the chart below.

Points of Contrast

• Conquest and inheritance – In Sefer Bemidbar there is a break of several chapters between the account of the conquest of the lands of Sichon and Og and the description of its inheritance by the 2½ tribes. In Sefer Devarim, in contrast, Moshe merges the two narratives.
• Hashem's role – Sefer Devarim places much greater emphasis on the role played by Hashem in the victory against Sichon and Og.² In addition, the text mentions multiple times that Hashem will similarly help the nation conquer the land of Israel.³ These points are not highlighted in Sefer Bemidbar.
• Description of battle – Sefer Devarim presents many more details regarding the individual cities conquered and the spoils of war than the original account in Bemidbar.
• Background of Og – Only Sefer Devarim mentions that Og was one of the remaining giants of Refaim, and it also includes a description of his huge bed.
• Strength of Ammon – Only in Sefer Bemidbar is Ammon's strength given as a reason for why their land was not conquered.⁴
• Request and inheritance of the 2½ tribes – Sefer Bemidbar discusses at length the request of the tribes of Reuven and Gad, the ensuing deal reached with Moshe, and the inheritance of the land east of the Jordan. In Devarim, only the agreement to fight in the front line and the inheritance are mentioned.
• Encouragement of Yehoshua – Only Sefer Devarim records that Moshe encouraged Yehoshua after the wars, promising him that the future battles will produce the same results as the victories over Sichon and Og.

Analysis

One of Moshe's central goals in Sefer Devarim is to instill confidence in the nation that they will be successful in conquering the Land of Israel. Similar to the anointed priest's pep talk to the nation before going to war (Devarim 20:1-9), Moshe's speech is meant to boost the morale of the nation.⁵ As such, the historical events he reviews are selected and molded so as to further this objective, rather than to simply recount history in a straight chronological fashion. Many of the variations noted above can thus be readily understood:

• Moshe combines disparate narratives,⁶ omitting less relevant material⁷so that the newly crafted story can more clearly relay his message –– just as the nation conquered and inherited the lands of Sichon and Og, so too they will conquer and inherit the rest of the Land of Israel.
• Hashem's aid is highlighted to teach the nation that with Hashem behind them, future victory is also ensured.
• Moshe elaborates on Og's great size to quell the nation's fears that they would be unable to conquer the giants of Canaan.⁸ He similarly emphasizes the enormity of the victory,⁹ so the nation will realize what they are capable of achieving.¹⁰ He makes sure to omit, on the other hand, the fact that they did not conquer Ammon whose "border was strong" as this might have frightened them.¹¹
• Finally, Moshe ends with an explicit statement of encouragement to Yehoshua, mirroring the message he is implicitly relaying to the nation throughout.

Summary Chart

	Bemidbar	Devarim
Conquest and inheritance	Split into distinct narratives	Merged into one narrative
Hashem's role	Less emphasized	Highlighted
Conquest of cities and spoils of war	Minimal details	Extensive description
Background of Og	___	Noted
Strength of Ammon	Noted	___
Request and inheritance of the 2½ tribes	Request, consent, and inheritance all are mentioned	Only the consent and inheritance are mentioned
Encouragement of Yehoshua	___	Elaborated

¹ This is somewhat unexpected, since generally the retelling is the more abridged version. Compare, for instance, the two chapters devoted to the story of the spies in Bemidbar with the less than one chapter devoted to it in Devarim.

² See Devarim 2:24-25, 2:30, 31, 33, 36, 37, and 3:3.

³ See Devarim 2:29, 3:18 and 3:20.

⁴ Commentators disagree regarding the import of this statement. Many (see R. Saadia GaonTafsir Bemidbar 21:24About R. Saadia Gaon, R. Yosef Bekhor ShorBemidbar 21:24About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor, and ShadalBemidbar 21:24About R. Shemuel David Luzzatto) suggest that the verse is saying that Sichon himself had not been able to conquer their land due to Ammon's fortitude and as a result the Israelites did not inherit it as part of their conquest from Sichon. RalbagBeiur Divrei HaParashah Bemidbar 21:21About R. Levi b. Gershom, in contrast, suggests that this was land previously conquered by Sichon, and as such the nation was permitted to conquer it (despite the prohibition against attacking Ammon), but they were unable to. Although Hashem could nonetheless have given it into their hands, this would have required a miracle.

⁵ See זאב פלק, "מבנה פרשת דברים", ספר חמ"י גבריהו (תשמ"ט): 74-77 for an attempt to find detailed correspondences between the various events Moshe includes in his first speech and the points made by the priest and officers.

⁶ Moshe uses the phrase "בָּעֵת הַהִוא" to note when the events are achronological. See Baet Hahi.

⁷ The back and forth between Moshe and the two tribes over their request would distract and thus is not mentioned. In contrast, connecting the conquest and inheritance and including the tribes' promise to fight on the front lines serves to encourage the nation.

⁸ See Bemidbar 13:28,32-33, and Devarim 1:28,9:1-2. This point similarly explains Moshe's lengthy discussions in the earlier part of Chapter 2 regarding Moav and Ammon's abilities to conquer the giants of their lands. There, too, Moshe emphasizes that this was due to Hashem's aid and intervention ("וַיַּשְׁמִידֵם ה' מִפְּנֵיהֶם"). Thus, throughout the prologue to Devarim, Moshe's message is consistent – when Hashem helps, even giants and well fortified cities can be conquered.

⁹ E.g. enumerating the fortified cities which were conquered.

¹⁰ See RalbagBeiur Divrei HaParashah Devarim 3:1About R. Levi b. Gershom, ShadalDevarim 3:11About R. Shemuel David Luzzatto, and R. D"Z HoffmannDevarim 3:5About R. David Zvi Hoffmann who explain these additions similarly.

¹¹ This works with Ralbag'sBeiur Divrei HaParashah Bemidbar 21:21About R. Levi b. Gershom understanding that the verse is referring to the Israelites' inability to overcome them and not Sichon's. See above note.